What are the three main types of vascular access used in hemodialysis?
The three primary types of vascular access are arteriovenous (AV) fistula, AV graft, and central venous catheter.
Which vascular access is considered the gold standard for long-term dialysis?
An AV fistula is preferred for long-term dialysis due to its lower risk of infection and longer patency rate.
Why should blood pressure and venipuncture be avoided in the arm with an AV fistula?
Applying pressure or puncturing the arm with an AV fistula can damage the access and reduce its function.
What is the correct method to assess an AV fistula?
Assessment includes looking for signs of infection, palpating for a thrill, and auscultating for a bruit.
How is a central venous catheter typically placed for dialysis?
A central venous catheter is inserted into a large vein, often the internal jugular, and tunneled under the skin.
What is a common complication of central venous catheters?
Infection is a common complication due to direct access to the bloodstream through the catheter.
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How often should vascular access sites be monitored during dialysis?
Access sites should be assessed before, during, and after dialysis to ensure functionality and detect complications.
What is the purpose of rotating needle insertion sites on an AV fistula?
Rotating sites helps prevent aneurysm formation and prolongs the life of the access.
Which sign indicates a problem with vascular access that needs immediate attention?
Signs such as absence of thrill, swelling, or signs of infection may indicate access failure or complication.